LOCKS, SAFES, AND SECURITY 

LSS+ Version 5.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS AND MASTER EXHIBIT LISTING

Electronic Infobase Version 5.0, based upon the Second Edition of Locks, Safes, and Security, published by Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Illinois, 2000. The original edition was published in 1970 and is no longer available.


Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Lock: Four Thousand Years of Technology
Chapter 2 The Last Twenty-Five Years
Chapter 3 Definition of Terms
Chapter 4 Tools and Supplies
Chapter 5 Materials and Processes
Chapter 6 The Development of Keys
Chapter 7 Processes and Materials for Producing Blank Keys
Chapter 8 Methods of Producing Cut Keys
Chapter 9 Producing Keys for Specific Locks
Chapter 10 High-Security Locks and Keys
Chapter 11 Keying Systems
Chapter 12 Basic Lock Configurations: Hardware
Chapter 13 Warded Locks
Chapter 14 The Lever Tumbler Lock
Chapter 15 Wafer Locks
Chapter 16 Pin Tumbler Locks
Chapter 17 Traditional Mechanical Locking Systems
Chapter 18 Electromechanical Locks
Chapter 19 Magnetic Locks
Chapter 20 Wireless Exchange of Code Information
Chapter 21 Intelligent Keys and Locks
Chapter 22 Programmable Locks and Keys
Chapter 23 Specialized Industry Applications
Chapter 24 Investigation and Evidence Involving Locks and Keys
Chapter 25 Forensic Examination: Specifications, Operations, and Security
Chapter 26 Forensic Examination: Tool Marks and Trace Evidence
Chapter 27 Forensic Examination of Keys
Chapter 28 General Introduction to Bypass
Chapter 29 Picking
Chapter 30 Impressioning
Chapter 31 The Decoding of Locks: Theory, Procedures, and Technologies
Chapter 32 Destructive Entry: Tools and Techniques
Chapter 33 The Origin, Development, and Design of Safes, Vaults, and Strong rooms
Chapter 34 Combination Locks
Chapter 35 Destructive Entry of Safes: Tools and Techniques
Chapter 36 Non-Destructive Methods of Entry
Chapter 37 Standards and Testing
Chapter 38 Security: Analysis and Reduction of Risk
Chapter 39 Security: Physical Protective Measures
Chapter 40 Alarm Systems

Master Exhibit Summary: Locks, Safes, and Security
Multimedia segments

Chapter 1 The Lock: Four Thousand Years of Technology
Figure 1-1 Greek locking mechanism
Figure 1-2 Early Greek lock
Figure 1-3a Egyptian pin tumbler lock affixed to door
Figure 1-3b Egyptian pin tumbler lock, diagram
Figure 1-4 Roman padlock
Figure 1-5 Early Chinese and Roman padlocks
Figure 1-6 Early Roman warded lock
Figure 1-7 Barron lever lock
Figure 1-8 Bramah lock and key
Figure 1-9 Chubb detector lock
Figure 1-10 Chubb time lock, two movement
Figure 1-11 Parsons balanced lever lock
Figure 1-12 Yale pin tumbler lock

Figure LSS+101 Mock-up of Egyptian lock, from British Museum, London
Figure LSS+102 Examples of pin tumbler locks from different cultures.
Figure LSS+103 A Pin tumbler lock found in Northern Africa.
Figure LSS+104 A 17th Century Persian padlock.
Figure LSS+105 An early Roman padlock.
Figure LSS+106 An early European padlock.
Figure LSS+107 An early warded lock.
Figure LSS+108 An early warded lock mechanism.
Figure LSS+109 A warded lock produced between the 15th and 18th century.
Figure LSS+110 An example of a Roman lock.
Figure LSS+111 A warded door lock.
Figure LSS+112 An example of a Barron lock
Figure LSS+113 An analysis of the movement of the bolt within the Barron lock.
Figure LSS+114 The Appointment by the Queen of the Bramah Lock Company.
Figure LSS+115 The Pillard time lock.
Figure LSS+116 Hobbs and Hart lever lock
Figure LSS+117 Map of England
Figure LSS+118 The Bramah lock that was successfully opened by Alfred Hobbs.
Figure LSS+119 Bramah lock, view of sliders.
LSS101: Interview with Jeremy Bramah
Alfred Hobbs was able to bypass the Bramah lock. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Locksmith training in Denmark, in comparison to the United States. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.

Chapter 2 The Last Twenty-Five Years
No Exhibits

Chapter 3 Definition of Terms
Figure LSS+301 Axial pin tumbler lock
Figure LSS+302 Arc ring
Figure LSS+303 Auxiliary deadlock latch bolt
Figure LSS+304 Blade of key
Figure LSS+305 Blank key
Figure LSS+306 Cam and cam lock
Figure LSS+307 Case ward
Figure LSS+308 Change key for combination lock
Figure LSS+309 Code cut original key, direct reading code
Figure LSS+310 Connecting bar
Figure LSS+311 Corrugated key for warded padlock
Figure LSS+312 Cut root for pin tumbler key
Figure LSS+313 Dead bolt
Figure LSS+314 Dimple key for Sargent Keso lock
Figure LSS+315 Double-bitted key
Figure LSS+316 Flat key
Figure LSS+317 Follower tool for pin tumbler locks
Figure LSS+318 Key head
Figure LSS+319 Keyway
Figure LSS+320 Paracentric keyway
Figure LSS+321 Plug from pin tumbler lock
Figure LSS+322 Shell of a pin tumbler lock
Figure LSS+323 Shoulder of key
Figure LSS+324 Sidebar lock: Medeco and Evva
Figure LSS+325 Spring retaining strip for pin tumbler lock
Figure LSS+326 Triple bitted key
Figure LSS+327 Warded key
Figure LSS+328 A standard mortise cylinder showing its mounting and retention by setscrew.
Loiding a lock, by Harry Sher

Chapter 4 Tools and Supplies
Figure 4-1 Panavise
Figure 4-2 Direct reading micrometer
Figure 4-3 HPC Codemax key machine
Figure 4-4 Following tool
Figure 4-5 Plug Holder
Figure 4-6 Setup Tray
Figure 4-7 Tweezers
Figure 4-8 Files
Figure LSS+401 Single and double cut files.
Figure LSS+402 Two file sets produced by HPC.
Macro lens, Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Data back for documentation of images. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Photographic equipment requirements. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Ring strobe is a necessity for forensic photography. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic marks and their observation with proper lighting. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
LSS204: Brian Chan on lubrication of locks

Chapter 5 Materials and Processes
Figure 5-1 Making steel or cast iron
Figure 5-2 Crystal lattice structures
Figure 5-3 Rockwell hardness test
Figure 5-4 Rockwell hardness test four steps
Figure 5-4a Clark instrument
Figure 5-5 Metal stresses
Figure 5-6 Fatigue stress
Figure 5-7 Heat treatment processing line
Figure 5-8 Steel case hardening
Figure 5-9 Hard plate barrier
Figure 5-10 Twist drill
Figure 5-11 Drill nomenclature for twist drill
Figure 5-12 Chipping within the drilling process
Figure LSS+501, Periodic table.

Chapter 6 The Development of Keys
Figure 6-1 Bitting
Figure 6-2 Bitting on different surfaces of a key
Figure 6-3 Valley of root of key and back-cutting
Figure 6-4 Tubular key for axial lock
Figure 6-5 Bit and barrel keys
Figure 6-6 Cam locks
Figure 6-7 High-security locks
Figure 6-8 Flat steel keys
Figure 6-9 Designing keys
Figure 6-10 Shape of the bow
Figure LSS+601 Back cut key
Figure LSS+602 Laser track keys from Volvo and Mercedes
Figure LSS+603, Pin tumbler key, showing steeples
Figure LSS+604, Keyway wards
Figure LSS+605, John Falle comb pick
Figure LSS+606, Ikon paracentric keyway
Figure LSS+607, Key head identifying markings (Sargent)
Figure LSS+608, Key head identifying markings (Ilco and Silca)
Figure LSS+609, Milled key blank
Figure LSS+610 Schlage Everest patented keyway design

Chapter 7 Processes and Materials for Producing Blank Keys
Figure 7-1 Manufacturing key blanks
Figure 7-2 Knockoff keys
Figure LSS+701a Design of a key
Figure LSS+701b Key component design
Figure LSS+701c Code cut key, showing symmetry of design
Figure LSS+702a Improper alignment between cuts of a key and pin chambers
Figure LSS+702b Correct registration of key between cuts and pin chambers
Figure LSS+703 Bow of key
Figure LSS+704 Shoulder of key
Figure LSS+705 Depth and spacing diagram
Figure LSS+706 Depth and spacing of keys
Figure LSS+707 These diagrams show an example of different pin lengths utilized by Schlage.
Conversation with Chuck Murray, Kaba-Ilco, regarding keys and their production.

Chapter 8 Methods of Producing Cut Keys
Figure 8-1 HPC handheld axial key cutter
Figure 8-2 HPC Codemax
Figure 8-3 Silca Quattrocode
Figure 8-4 Key cutting tools
Figure 8-5 Depth keys
Figure 8-6 Silicone and clay impressions
Figure LSS+801 An HPC SKM-2D key micrometer for direct reading of bitting depths
Figure LSS+802 An HPC HKD-75 key gauge for reading bitting depths
Figure LSS+803 An HPC axial lock depth gauge TKPD-1
Figure LSS+804 A factory original key with a direct code that correlates with bitting depths for each cut
Figure LSS+805 The mold is prepared for clay impression of a key
Figure LSS+806 Talc or other lubricant is applied to allow release of the source key from the clay
Figure LSS+807 Excess clay is trimmed from the edge of the mold
Figure LSS+808 The source key is positioned within the mold
Figure LSS+809 The key is impressed into the clay mold
Figure LSS+810 The mold is closed with the key inserted to create an impression
Figure LSS+811 The mold is opened after an impression is taken
Figure LSS+812 Source key is removed from the mold
Figure LSS+813 A channel is made in the clay for the escape of gasses created during impressioning
Figure LSS+814 The mold is secured in a locked position
Figure LSS+815 Low temperature metal is heated and poured into the mold
Figure LSS+816 The mold is allowed to cool and opened
Figure LSS+817 The target key is removed from the mold
Figure LSS+818 Silicon is poured into a container to make an impression of a source key
Figure LSS+819 The silicone is cut in half to show the details of an impression
Figure LSS+820 A source and target key produced by silicone impressioning
Figure LSS+821 HPC 747xu tubular key duplicator
Figure LSS+822 HPC 1200 key duplicator
Figure LSS+823 HPC handheld key code computer (HP720)
Figure LSS+824 HPC KM-60 micrometer
Figure LSS+821 HPC 747xu tubular key duplicator
Figure LSS+822 HPC 1200 key duplicator
Figure LSS+823 HPC handheld key code computer (HP720)
Figure LSS+824 HPC KM-60 micrometer
Figure LSS+825 The HPC 1200 mechanical punch cutter can be utilized anywhere.
Figure LSS+826 The Codemax was one of the original HPC computerized code cutters.
Figure LSS+827 The Kaba-Ilco Triax-e.code key machine.
Figure LSS+828 The Ilco Ultracode computerized key machine.
Figure LSS+829 The HPC BlueSHARK third generation code cutting machine.
Figure LSS+830 Easy entrie profile milling machine
Figure LSS+831 Operation of the Easy entrie profile milling machine
Figure LSS+832 Overview of the process of milling a blank with the Easy entrie
Figure LSS+833 Comparison of source key and blank produced by the Easy entrie
Figure LSS+834 Keys can be produced from a database or photograph with the Easy entrie
Figure LSS+835 Images of keyways can be edited to produce a modified blank
Figure LSS+836 The Keyway King milling machine
Figure LSS+837 Different cutting wheels for the Keyway King
Figure LSS+838 Milled blanks from the Keyway King

LSS201: Procedure for making keys with a clay mold. Courtesy of MSC.
LSS201: Making keys by silicone impression, Courtesy of MSC
LSS202: Kaba-Ilco Quattrocode key machine, Courtesy of Steve Fish.
LSS202: The Ultracode key machine, Courtesy of Steve Fish.
LSS202: Kaba-Ilco RW2 Transponder system, Courtesy of Steve Fish.
LSS203: HPC BlueSHARK third generation key cutting machine.
Keys can be copied through the use of clay molds. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Keys can be produced from codes, courtesy of Harry Sher.
LSS203: Easy entrie key machine demonstration
LSS204: Demonstration of the Keyway King, by Greg Brandt
LSS205: Gale Johnson on key codes
Easy entrie Operating Instructions
Easy entrie PC Software operating instructions 

Chapter 9 Producing Keys for Specific Locks
Figure 9-1 Warded keys
Figure 9-2 Keys for specialty locks
Figure 9-3 Smoking a key blank
Figure 9-4 Lever lock keys
Figure 9-5 Viewing window in lever locks
Figure 9-6 Retaining the plug within the shell
Figure LSS+901 Shimming open a lock
Figure LSS+902 Rapping open a lock
Figure LSS+903 Examples of flat keys

Forensic implications of using a shim to open a lock prior to analysis. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.

Chapter 10 High-Security Locks and Keys
No Exhibits

Chapter 11 Keying Systems
Figure 11-1 Grand master key system
Figure 11-2 Master keying a lever lock
Figure 11-3 Master keying a wafer lock
Figure 11-4 Maison and master key systems
Figure 11-5 Master keying a pin tumbler cylinder
Figure 11-6 Master ring
Figure 11-7 Sectional keyways
Figure 11-8 Positional master key systems
Figure 11-9 Schlage cylinder lockout mechanism
Figure LSS+1101 Master key design
Figure LSS+1102 Master pin too thin
Figure LSS+1103 Master pin too thin, allows key jiggling to open the lock
Figure LSS+1104 Change key diagram
Figure LSS+1105 Great grand master key diagram
Figure LSS+1106 MACS-Maximum adjacent cut specifications
Figure LSS+1107 Master key
Figure LSS+1108 Master key single and two step progression
Figure LSS+1109 Master key differ chart demonstrates loss of security
Figure LSS+1110 Master pin creates different shear lines
Figure LSS+1111 Top master key diagram
Figure LSS+1112 Master key design parameters
Figure LSS+1113 Key bitting array grid
Figure LSS+1114 KBA for a two-step progression master key system
Figure LSS+1115 KBA for a three level master key system
Figure LSS+1116 KBA for a master key system with two master key chambers progressed
Figure LSS+1117 KBA for a master key system with three change key chambers progressed
Figure LSS+1118 KBA for the progression of master and change keys
Figure LSS+1119 Total position progression system to create sixteen master keys
Figure LSS+1120 TPP system designed to create 64 change keys
Figure LSS+1121 MACS violations within a master key system
Figure LSS+1122 Pinning chart showing cross-keying within a master key system
Figure LSS+1123 Diagrams showing cross-keying in a master keyed system
Figure LSS+1124 A Key bitting array table for a total position progression system
Figure LSS+1125 A comparison of a total position progression system and a rotating constant system
Figure LSS+1126 A series of charts shows how a rotating constant master key system works
Figure LSS+1127 Identification of critical components within a cylinder
Figure LSS+1128 Evva DPI dual sidebar lock
Figure LSS+1129 KBA division for TPP and partial position progression
Figure LSS+1130 KBA division of key
Figure LSS+1131 Total position progression paradigms
Figure LSS+1132 Division of key for three and four levels of keying
Figure LSS+1133 Matrix key division
Figure LSS+1134 Master ring diagram
Figure LSS+1135 Master ring lock, showing altered parity
Figure LSS+1136 Master ring and interchangeable core diagrams
Figure LSS+1137 Master ring build-up pin diagram
Figure LSS+1138 Best interchangeable core diagram for A2 and A3 lock
Figure LSS+1139 Corbin construction master keying system
Figure LSS+1140 KBA for Corbin construction master keying system
LSS204: Brian Chan on the use of system keys.
LSS204: Brian Chan on the Sequence of Progression
LSS204: Brian Chan on assumptions regarding master keying
LSS204: Brian Chan discussing old style master keying and pinning.
LSS204: Brian Chan discussing the pinning of a Best IC lock
LSS204: Brian Chan on master keying rules

Chapter 12 Basic Lock Configurations: Hardware
Figure 12-1 Hardware configurations for cylinders, strikes, and bolts
Figure 12-2 Three-point locking dead bolt
Figure 12-3 Mortise multilocking bolt mechanisms
Figure 12-4 Mortise and rim latches
Figure 12-5 Strike plates
Figure 12-6 Mortise configurations
Figure 12-7 Pin tumbler configurations
Figure 12-8 Interchangeable core locks
Figure 12-9 Profile locks
Figure 12-10 Tubular frame lock
Figure LSS+1201 Yale night latch lock
Figure LSS+1202 Yale rim lock
Figure LSS+1203 HPC cylinder guard
Figure LSS+1204 Example of a mortised lock, and the mechanism for holding the cylinder.
Figure LSS+1205 Various HPC door guards produced to protect narrow aluminum doors.
Figure LSS+1204 Example of a mortised lock, and the mechanism for holding the cylinder.
Figure LSS+1205 Various HPC door guards produced to protect narrow aluminum doors.
Figure LSS+1206 Rim cylinder (left) and mortise cylinders (right) in two standard sizes.
Figure LSS+1207 Key in knob lock. 
Figure LSS+1208 Examples of dead bolts in different configurations. 
Figure LSS+1209, examples of single and double-locking night latches. 
Figure LSS+1210, a guard ring assembly protects the cylinder from attack.
Figure LSS+1211 Internal and external support hardware to increase resistance to attack.
Figure LSS+1212 Improved strike box and plate.
Figure LSS+1213 After-market hardware to protect door and frame from attack.
Figure LSS+1214 The cutout required for the locking hardware shows the weakening of materials. 
Figure LSS+1215 Little effort is required to compromise a jimmy-resistant bolt.

Chapter 13 Warded Locks
Figure 13-1 Ancient warded keys
Figure 13-1a Chubb padlock key
Figure 13-2 Basic warded locks
Figure 13-3 Early Elizabethan link-plate chest lock
Figure 13-4 Warded lock for cast-iron safes and chests
Figure 13-5 Mortise warded lock
Figure 13-6 The Master warded padlock
Figure 13-7 Warded bit key
Figure 13-8 Bitting of warded locks
Figure 13-9 Skeleton keys for warded locks
Figure LSS+1301 Roman key and lock from Pompeii
Figure LSS+1302 Early Roman key
Figure LSS+1303 French lock, fourteenth century
Figure LSS+1304 Australian door lock, eighteenth century
Figure LSS+1305 Flemish door lock, seventeenth century
Figure LSS+1306 German door lock, seventeenth century
Figure LSS+1307 English door lock, eighteenth century
Figure LSS+1308 English lock and key, sixteenth century
Figure LSS+1309 English lock
Figure LSS+1310 Warded key diagram

Chapter 14 The Lever Tumbler Lock
Figure 14-1 The Barron lever lock
Figure 14-2 Chubb lever padlock
Figure 14-3 Chubb Detector lock
Figure 14-4 Parsons balanced lever lock
Figure 14-5 Nineteenth century Chubb lever lock
Figure 14-6 Lever Locks gating
Figure 14-7 Chubb lever locks gates and fence
Figure 14-8 Lever lock with triple gated lever
Figure 14-9 Single and double-bitted lever keys
Figure 14-10 Depth and spacing diagram
Figure 14-11 Levers with four different depths
Figure 14-12 Single bitted lever key
Figure 14-13 Viewing windows in lever locks
Figure 14-14 Lever tumbler with two gates
Figure 14-15 Security enhancements with levers
Figure 14-16 Chubb lever lock with "H" gated levers
Figure 14-17 Dual bitted lever locks
Figure 14-18 Lever key for a telephone lock
Figure 14-19 S&G 4440 series safe-deposit lever lock
Figure 14-20 Changeable fence for an S&G lever lock
Figure 14-21 Gates and Sweeps in levers
Figure 14-22 Lever locks critical components
Figure LSS+1401 Banbury lock
Figure LSS+1402 Baron lock
Figure LSS+1403 Chubb Detector lock, 1827
Figure LSS+1404 Chubb Detector lock, 1837
Figure LSS+1405 Chubb Detector lock, 1837
Figure LSS+1406 Hobbs six lever Protector lock, 1859
Figure LSS+1407 Hamps detector lock
Figure LSS+1408 Parsons balanced lever lock, 1832
Figure LSS+1409 Ne Plus Plus lock by George Price
Figure LSS+1410 Chubb seven lever modern lever lock
Figure LSS+1411 Euro lever lock
Figure LSS+1412 Euro lever lock, detail
Figure LSS+1413 Euro lever lock showing four different levers and their bellies
Figure LSS+1414 Kromer Novum lever lock
Figure LSS+1415 Kromer Convar lever lock
Figure LSS+1416 Mauer 70091 lever lock
Figure LSS+1417 Ostmarks lever lock
Figure LSS+1418 Rosengrens ABN lever lock
Figure LSS+1419 STUV lever lock
Figure LSS+1420 Rosengrens RKL10 lever lock

LSS203: Rosengrens RKL10 assembly.

Chapter 15 Wafer Locks
Figure 15-1 The first wafer tumbler lock
Figure 15-2 Double-bitted wafer lock
Figure 15-3 Moving components within a wafer lock
Figure 15-4 Tumblers in double-bitted and plate wafer locks at shear line
Figure 15-5 Bitting depth of wafers
Figure 15-6 Diagram of a five wafer lock
Figure 15-7 Master keying wafer locks
Figure LSS+1501. A six-wafer mechanism in the locked and unlocked state. 
Figure LSS+1502 Example of a double bitted wafer lock in the locked and unlocked state. 
Reading wafer locks, courtesy of Harry Sher.

Chapter 16 Pin Tumbler Locks
Figure 16-1 Egyptian pin tumbler lock
Figure 16-2 Pin tumbler profile cylinders
Figure 16-3 Securing the plug in a pin tumbler cylinder
Figure 16-4 Axial pin tumbler lock
Figure 16-5 Medeco Sidebar lock
Figure 16-6 Ikon Sidebar lock
Figure 16-7 Pin tumblers within a dimple lock
Figure 16-8 KABA and DOM dimple pin tumbler locks
Figure 16-9 Completely rounded plug
Figure 16-10 Length of a balanced driver
Figure 16-11 Security tumblers design
Figure 16-11a Mushroom security tumbler
Figure 16-12 Serrated security tumbler
Figure 16-13 Serrated security tumbler
Figure 16-14 Serrated security tumbler
Figure 16-15 Diagram of pin-stack within shell and plug
Figure 16-16 Positive and Negative locking
Figure 16-17 Calculating Differs
Figure 16-18 Medeco Biaxial sidebar lock
Figure 16-19 Using a following tool
Figure 16-20 Using a following tool
Figure 16-21 Placing a retaining strip
Figure 16-22 Setup tray
Figure 16-23 Broken key extractor
Figure 16-24 HPC handheld key decoder
Figure 16-25 Direct reading codes
Figure 16-26 Diagram of depth and spacing
Figure 16-27 Best removable core assembly
Figure 16-28 Best removable core lock
Figure 16-29 Conventional master keying
Figure 16-30 Profile lock manufacturing process at Ikon
Figure 16-31 Manufacturing process for brass plug at Ikon
Figure LSS+1601 Pin stack
Figure LSS+1602 Broach is used to create a keyway
Figure LSS+1603 Top pins and drivers
Figure LSS+1604 The shear line
Figure LSS+1605 Calculating pin tumbler lock differs
Figure LSS+1606 Re-pinning a lock
Figure LSS+1607 Re-pinning process with all pins loaded
Figure LSS+1608 Formation of a plug at Ikon factory
Figure LSS+1609 The broaching process
Figure LSS+1610 How a plug is broached
Figure LSS+1611 A plug that has been partially and fully broached
Figure LSS+1612 An Ikon profile created by a broach
Figure LSS+1613 The driver and lower pins in their three states. 
Figure LSS+1614 Sectional view of the location and function of the mushroom tumblers. 
Figure LSS+1615 The status of driver and bottom pins in the locked and plug rotating unlocked position. 
Figure LSS+1615 The status of driver and bottom pins in the locked and plug rotating unlocked position. 

The use of a pin tray or setup tray is required for forensic disassembly of a lock. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Producing pins for cylinders. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede. 
Forensic issues regarding the bypass of security and mushroom tumblers. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Decoding the Best removable core lock for the control key, courtesy of Harry Sher.
LSS101: Ikon factory, Berlin, Germany: How locks are made. 
LSS204: Brian Chan on positive and negative locking.
LSS204: Brian Chan discussing balanced drivers


Chapter 17 Traditional Mechanical Locking Systems
Figure 17-1 S&G 4440 dual control lever lock
Figure 17-2 Tann high-security lever lock
Figure 17-3 High-security lever tumbler locks
Figure 17-4a Western electric wafer lock
Figure 17-4b Western electric floating lever tumbler lock
Figure 17-5 Lever lock for prisons
Figure 17-6 Chubb Ava wafer lock
Figure 17-7 Evva 3KS laser track system
Figure 17-8 Laser track system in Mercedes
Figure 17-9a Abloy Disklock
Figure 17-9b Abloy Disklock Pro series
Figure 17-10 Evva GPI series
Figure 17-11 Mul-T-Lock dimple design
Figure 17-12 Corbin-Emhart high-security interlocking pin tumbler system
Figure 17-13 Sargent Keso dimple mechanism
Figure 17-14 DOM split key dimple lock
Figure 17-15 Ikon TK5/S
Figure 17-16 Corbin Sessamee and Master combination lock
Figure 17-17 S&G Timbination lock
Figure 17-18 Mas-Hamilton Auditcon
Figure 17-19 Evva DPX
Figure 17-20 Medeco rotating tumbler sidebar lock
Figure 17-20b Rotating tumbler for the cam lock
Figure 17-20c Rotating tumbler lock
Figure 17-21a Medeco cam lock
Figure 17-21b Details of the Medeco cam lock
Figure 17-22 Medeco Biaxial
Figure 17-23 BiLock pin tumbler sidebar lock
Figure 17-24a Schlage Primus
Figure 17-24b Finger pins within the Primus
Figure 17-25a Assa sidebar cylinder
Figure 17-25b Depths and tumbler positions in the Assa cylinder
Figure 17-25c Assa sidebar design
Figure 17-26 Chicago Tubar lock
Figure 17-27 Combination pin tumbler and axial mechanism
Figure 17-28 DOM IX series
Figure LSS+1701 The Evva 3KS sidebar lock showing the sidebar in an unlocked and locked position.
Figure LSS+1702 The Evva 3KS is a modular system. Shown is one cylinder in a locked position.
Figure LSS+1703 A BiLock key is distinctive in its dual bitting configuration.
Figure LSS+1704 Medeco Bilevel key and internal sidebar design. 
Figure LSS+1705 The IKON WSW Lock system
Figure LSS+1706 Medeco M3 locking system, showing action of the slider
Figure LSS+1707 Medeco M3 system, showing side millings on the key
Figure LSS+1708 Medeco M3 system, showing the integration of the sidebar with slider
Figure LSS+1709 Schlage Primus keys and side bit milling
Figure LSS+1710 Schlage Primus sidebar and gate interaction
Figure LSS+1711 Orientation of finger pins within the Schlage Primus

Abloy master keying theory, Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forced entry of Abloy locks, and forensic indications, Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The Peter Field (Medeco) patent for a security tumbler. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic analysis of the Medeco cam lock. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.

Chapter 18 Electromechanical Locks
Figure 18-1 Ikon electromechanical lock
Figure 18-2 Azbe electronic lock
Figure 18-3 Electronic control and security
Figure 18-4 Mas-Hamilton X-07
Figure 18-5 Mas-Hamilton lock diagram

Chapter 19 Magnetic Locks
Figure 19-1 Sargent magnetic lock
Figure 19-2 Ilco-Unican lock
Figure 19-3 Magnetic stripes
Figure 19-4 Showa magnetic card lock
Figure 19-5 Corkey magnetic card lock
Figure 19-6 Ankerslot and Miwa magnetic lock
Figure 19-7 Ankerslot and Miwa high-security magnetic lock
Figure 19-8 Ikon magnetic lock
Figure 19-9 Evva and Ikon magnetic lock
Figure 19-10 Magnetic discs within Ikon lock
Figure 19-11 Rotating discs and sidebar mechanism within Ikon and Evva magnetic lock
Figure 19-12 Gibralter magnetic lock

Chapter 20 Wireless Exchange of Code Information
Figure 20-1 Marlok key
Figure 20-2 Abloy infrared key for disfrock
Figure 20-3 Chips embedded in keys
Figure 20-4 Chubb Union electronic lock
Figure 20-5 Ford embedded transponder within key head
Figure 20-6 Security tags

Chapter 21 Intelligent Keys and Locks
Figure 21-1 Ikon pin tumbler key with microprocessor
Figure 21-2 Medeco first electronic lock
Figure LSS+2101 The EVVA ELMO system
Figure LSS+2102 The IKON CLIQ System

Chapter 22 Programmable Locks and Keys
Figure 22-1 TrioVing programmable card lock
Figure 22-2 TrioVing dual bore cylinder
Figure 22-3 Master Lock programmable pin system
Figure 22-4 Winfield programmable lock
Figure 22-5 Winfield lock uses split wafers
Figure 22-6 Fort Gem high-security axial pin tumbler lock
Figure 22-7 Best removable core lock
Figure 22-8 LeFebure programmable lever lock
Figure 22-9 S&G programmable lever lock
Figure LSS+2201 Instakey programmable lock
Figure LSS+2202 Instakey depth and spacing table for small format interchangeable core lock
Figure LSS+2203 Step key sequence for Instakey cylinder
Figure LSS+2204 Pinning chart for sample Instakey lock
Figure LSS+2205 Progression chart for Instakey lock, four cylinders

Chapter 23 Specialized Industry Applications
Figure 23-1 Chubb handcuffs using an Ava wafer lock
Figure 23-2 Smith and Wesson handcuffs
Figure 23-3 Old padlocks
Figure 23-4 Master Lock shackle locking
Figure 23-5 Shimming a padlock
Figure 23-6 Heel and toe locking of the shackle
Figure 23-7 S&G 8077 padlock
Figure 23-8 S&G 8088 combination padlock
Figure 23-9 Chubb Conquest padlock
Figure 23-10 Mogul lock for prisons
Figure 23-11 Folger-Adam high-security detention lock
Figure 23-12 Push button lock
Figure 23-13 Weigand card
Figure 23-14 Briggs and Stratton sidebar lock
Figure 23-15 General Motors VATS key
Figure 23-16 Fort Apex lock
Figure 23-17 Aba axial lock
Figure 23-18 Vanlock
Figure 23-19 Axial tumbler lock
Figure 23-20 Schlage construction lockout system
Figure 23-21 Corbin block out key system
Figure LSS+2301 The English thumbscrews developed in the seventeenth century 
Figure LSS+2302 Early Scandinavian padlock design.
Figure LSS+2303 Examples of Persian padlocks 17-18th century, and 1966 model of the same lock.
Figure LSS+2304 An early Chinese padlock.
Figure LSS+2305 Example of seventeenth century Spanish padlock and key.
Figure LSS+2306 Puzzle locks
Figure LSS+2307 A French padlock from the seventeenth century.
Figure LSS+2308 Flemish padlock, sixteenth century
Figure LSS+2309 German padlock, seventeenth century
Figure LSS+2310 Screw action padlock
Figure LSS+2311 Italian screw design, seventeenth century
Figure LSS+2312 Screw design, nineteenth century
Figure LSS+2313 Various screw action padlock designs
Figure LSS+2314 Padlock and key, eighteenth century
Figure LSS+2315 Ball padlock
Figure LSS+2316 Eighteenth century padlock
Figure LSS+2317 Ne Plus padlock by George Price
Figure LSS+2318 Padlock diagram of simple locking dog
Figure LSS+2319 German Abus padlock, 1970
Figure LSS+2320 Chubb Hercules padlock, 1971
Figure LSS+2321 Chubb Conquest padlock
Figure LSS+2322 Diagram of the ratchet locking mechanism of the Club.
Figure LSS+2323. A modified Club that has been converted into a shotgun.
Figure LSS+2324. The Silca RW2 Transponder decoder and copier.
Figure LSS+2325 Railroad mail clerk badge and antique mail locks
Figure LSS+2326 Post office locks, including the famous Andrus lock that was patented in 1914
Figure LSS+2327 Arrow eight lever post office box lock, and lever tumbler
Figure LSS+2328 Rotary registered mail lock produced by the U.S. Postal Service

Discussion of transponder theft. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Bypass of push button locks. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Discussion of Simplex push button lock, by Harry Sher
Use of tryout keys, courtesy of Harry Sher.
LSS202: Ross Anderson on smart card technology

Chapter 24 Investigation and Evidence Involving Locks and Keys
No Exhibits

A forensic investigation involving the theft of a BMW automobile. Courtesy Hans Mejlshede.
Doing research on different bypass techniques is important for the forensic investigator. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Analysis of a case involving forensics. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Case example, burglary investigation. Courtesy of Don Shiles
Case example of hotel lock bypass. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Case example, Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Analysis of a case involving forensic locksmithing. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Mail slot bypass device. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Keys can be copied by taking a 1:1 image using a copier machine. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Master key records. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede. 
Investigative clues that develop during a case. Courtesy Jim Bickers.
Pickability or ease with which a lock can be picked. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.

Chapter 25 Forensic Examination: Specifications, Operations, and Security

Figure 25-1 Partially picked axial pin tumbler lock
Figure LSS+2501 Forensic investigation forms
Figure LSS+2502 Forensic evidence log-in report by Hans Mejlshede
Figure LSS+2503 Sample forensic analysis form by Hans Mejlshede
Art Paholke is the father of modern forensic locksmithing. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Many car thefts are simulated for insurance claims. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.

It is essential to save the pins from a lock that has been the subject of a burglary attack. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Pressure will often be applied to the forensic locksmith during the course of an investigation to change the results of a report. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
A clean work area for the forensic locksmith is a necessity. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Care must be exercised in cleaning of components. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The Forensic locksmith is often called upon to investigative covert entry. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The forensic investigator must prepare detailed reports. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Evidence in car theft investigations. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Analysis of vehicle locks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Analysis of vehicle theft cases. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Simulation of vehicle theft. Comments on investigation. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Investigations involving vehicle fires. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Analysis of marks produced by a slim jim bypass tool. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Use of rubber or silicone-coated tweezers. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Discussion regarding microscopes for use in forensic analysis. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Issues regarding crime scene sketches. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Evidence handling techniques. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Methods of forensic analysis. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
The investigative locksmith as a witness. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Required background of the forensic locksmith and investigator. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Definition of a forensic locksmith.
Use of photograph. Courtesy of Don Shiles
What is an investigative locksmith? Courtesy of Don Shiles.
An introduction and summary of forensic locksmithing. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic locksmithing history and the role of Art Paholke. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Was the lock picked? Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Macro lens, Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Data back for documentation of images. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Photographic equipment requirements. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Ring strobe is a necessity for forensic photography. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Use of plastic tweezers. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Recovering stamped numbers from keys and locks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Opinions of examiner, and certainty of their opinions. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Logging receipt of evidence. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Issues regarding investigative reports. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
It is difficult to bypass laser track locks through the use of jiggle keys. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Definition of an Investigative locksmith. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Forensic marks and their observation with proper lighting. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
The investigative locksmith gets involved in insurance fraud cases. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Marks on the back of the lock from bypass. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Use of WD-40 to clean and lubricate. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Oxidation and dating of marks in a forensic examination. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Forensic implications of using a shim to open a lock prior to analysis. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
An attempt may be made to mask pick marks so that the perpetrator is not identified. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Obtaining all keys that fit a particular cylinder. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Removal of cylinder and its analysis must be done correctly. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Changing or removal of top pins. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Preliminary issues in the examination of a lock. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Examination of a lock and disassembly. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Examination of a lock and marks that are visible. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Information during a forensic investigation. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Opening a lock using a blank key and a shim. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
LSS202: Forensic investigation and the locksmith, by Don Shiles

Chapter 26 Forensic Examination: Tool Marks and Trace Evidence
Figure 26-1a Cutting plugs
Figure 26-1b Examining cut plugs
Figure 26-2 Irregular marks on the inter-chamber area
Figure 26-3 Corrosion within the plug
Figure 26-4 Normal keyway striations
Figure 26-5 Normal marks on bottom of pin tumblers
Figure 26-6 Curved pick marks
Figure 26-7 Mechanical snap pick gun marks
Figure 26-8 Rake pick marks
Figure 26-9 Electric vibrating pick marks
Figure 26-10 Conventional curved pick marks
Figure 26-11 Rake pick marks
Figure 26-12 Electric vibrating pick marks
Figure 26-13 Comb pick marks
Figure 26-14 Scoring within the cylinder wall
Figure LSS+2601 Cutaway view of plug, showing location of pick and tension wrench marks
Figure LSS+2602 A cylinder that has been picked and raked (left) and picked, then a forced 
entry tool was utilized.
Figure LSS+2603 An electric pick gun was utilized to open the lock on the left; impressioning and 
picking was utilized to open the lock on the left.
Figure LSS+2604 Impression, rake picking marks in plug
Figure LSS+2605 Normal use marks, and those from impressioning
Figure LSS+2606 Forensic marks from picking within lock body
Figure LSS+2607 Forensic marks on, normal pin from the factory
Figure LSS+2608 Forensic marks on pin from electric pick gun
Figure LSS+2609 Forensic marks on pin caused by impact tool such as pick gun
Figure LSS+2610 Forensic picking marks caused by a manual pick on surface of pin
Figure LSS+2611 Forensic marks on pin from pick gun and a rake pick
Figure LSS+2612 Forensic marks on pin caused by use of a key, a pick, and electric pick gun
Figure LSS+2613 Forensic marks on pin caused by conventional picking
Figure LSS+2614 Forensic marks on pin from a pick gun
Figure LSS+2615 Forensic marking on pin from a 999 key or bump key
Figure LSS+2616 Scanning electron microscope configuration, Jeol 5900
Figure LSS+2617 SEM photograph of pick tracks within lock, 220x magnification
Figure LSS+2618 SEM photograph of pick tracks within lock, 1000x magnification
Figure LSS+2619 SEM photograph of pick tracks within plug, 400x magnification
Figure LSS+2620 SEM photograph, surface of pick at 220x magnification
Figure LSS+2621 SEM photograph of pick marks on pin at 1000x magnification
Figure LSS+2622 SEM photograph of pick marks on plug
Figure LSS+2623 SEM photograph of surface of pick at 50x magnification
Figure LSS+2624 SEM photograph of surface of pick at 50x and 500x magnification
Figure LSS+2625 SEM photograph of surface of pick at 100x magnification
LSS101: Scanning electron microscope Part I: Michael Platek
LSS101: Scanning electron microscope Part II: Michael Platek
LSS101: Scanning electron microscope Part III: Michael Platek
LSS203: The forensic investigation of locks and keys, by Hans Mejlshede.
Marks produced by methods of entry, courtesy of Harry Sher.
Forensic indication of the use of a ""999"" or "bump" key, Courtesy Hans Mejlshede
The age of picking marks can sometimes be determined through the analysis of corrosion within the lock. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Destructive analysis of locks is often required in an investigation. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Analysis of marks within the plug after it has been cut apart. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Marks left from a turning wrench. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The use of pick guns with profile locks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic analysis of pick gun marks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Pick gun marks and order of picking. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Dust motes, visible in forensic analysis. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Marks on wafers from picking. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Pick marks may appear on surface of wafers. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Analysis of presence of grease on wafers in forensic investigation. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Marks produced from turning wrenches are identifiable. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Forensic indications of the use of an electric pick gun. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Cylinders may be opened by rapping them. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
A forensic examination takes five minutes or less. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic investigations involving locks that have been impressioned. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic analysis of gang, jiggle, or tryout keys. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Marks on Ford wafer locks produced by gang, jiggle, or tryout keys. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Wear information and tests on pins. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Wear marks on pins. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Markings on components by manufacturers. Courtesy of Don Shiles. 
Milling marks on pins during manufacture. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Forensic marks and their observation with proper lighting. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Bypass techniques must be known to the forensic investigator. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
An analysis of latches and bolts may be required. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Loids may be utilized to bypass latches and bolts. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Virgin areas of the plug will provide an indication that the locks was picked. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede. 
Normal appearance of pins and what type of marks appear. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic marks from the use of a lock pick. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Pickability or ease with which a lock can be picked. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Turning wrench or torque wrench will leave identifiable tool marks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Tool mark comparison. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Picking marks on wafers from vehicle locks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Marks produced by raking. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Marks produced from keys making contact with pins. Courtesy of Don Shills.
Different marks are created from various lock picks. Courtesy of Don Shiles.

Chapter 27 Forensic Examination of Keys
Figure 27-1 Key cut by code vs. key cut by hand
Figure 27-2a Cutting wheels
Figure 27-2b Patterns for cutting teeth
Figure 27-3 Factory original code cut keys and duplicates
Figure 27-4 Tool marks from tracing stylus
Figure 27-5 Speed and design of cutting wheel
Figure 27-6 The bitting of a key can be disguised
Figure LSS+2701 Schlage 922 wafer lock diagram and photograph
Figure LSS+2702 A milled blank is made to fit a restricted keyway

Bypass of a Schlage 922 series wafer lock. Courtesy of Don Shiles. 
Metal filings at the scene of a safe burglary. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Investigations may require a determination of whether a key has been copied. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede. 
Marks from key duplication. Courtesy of Don Shiles.

Chapter 28 General Introduction to Bypass
No Exhibits

Discussion of different bypass techniques. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Bypass of an American Padlock Series 700. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Forensic analysis of gang, jiggle, or tryout keys. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Marks on Ford wafer locks produced by gang, jiggle, or tryout keys. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
External bypass of a solenoid using a magnetic field. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
LSS303: Analysis of bypass techniques, by John Falle
LSS204: Brian Chan on the disassembly of a lock and derivation of the TMK

Chapter 29 Picking
Figure 29-1 Paracentric keyways
Figure 29-2 Double Detainer Locking theory
Figure 29-3 Tolerance errors
Figure 29-4 Rake picks
Figure 29-5 Rocker picks
Figure 29-6a Mechanical pick guns
Figure 29-6b Wire snap pick
Figure 29-7a Electric pick guns
Figure 29-7b Early vibrating pick gun
Figure 29-8 Comb pick
Figure 29-9 Security tumblers
Figure 29-10 Professional pick set
Figure 29-11 HPC stainless steel pick set
Figure 29-12 Ball picks
Figure 29-13 Diamond and half-diamond picks
Figure 29-14 Hook and deep hook picks
Figure 29-15 "999" key
Figure 29-16 Torque wrenches
Figure 29-17 John Falle professional torque wrenches
Figure 29-18 HPC spinner wrench
Figure 29-19 Round spring loaded tension wrench
Figure 29-20 HPC tension wrench
Figure 29-21 HPC skeleton keys for warded padlocks
Figure 29-22 Rake picks for double-bitted wafer locks
Figure 29-23 SEA laser track key
Figure 29-24 Two-in-one picking tool
Figure 29-25 Two-in-one picks for lever locks
Figure 29-26 Martin Newton two-in-one pick
Figure 29-27 False or serrated gates within a lever tumbler
Figure 29-28 Brush pick
Figure 29-29 Bypassing ASSA sidebar locks
Figure 29-30 Decoding tool for Medeco sidebar lock
Figure 29-31 Decoder for Chicago tubar pin tumbler lock
Figure 29-32 Early bypass tools
Figure 29-33 Silvera's complex picking tool
Figure 29-34a Custom tools for bypassing complex locking systems
Figure 29-34b Specialized bypass tools
Figure LSS+2901 Application of torque when picking
Figure LSS+2902 HPC Flip-it tool, proper use
Figure LSS+2903 Insertion of pick into the lock
Figure LSS+2904 Comb pick by John Falle
Figure LSS+2905 MSC (Hamburg) produces different shaped torque wrenches
Figure LSS+2906 MSC produces a spring-loaded tension wrench like HPC
Figure LSS+2907 Warded lock diagram of keys and lock
Figure LSS+2908 Warded keys used to open locks, including burglars skewer
Figure LSS+2909 Warded skeleton keys
Figure LSS+2910 An axial cylinder, picked and locked
Figure LSS+2911 Axial pick and decode tool setup
Figure LSS+2912 Axial pick tool inserted into a lock
Figure LSS+2913 Axial lock picked and decoded
Figure LSS+2914 MSC Sputnik picking and decoding tool
Figure LSS+2915 MSC Sputnik detail of construction
Figure LSS+2916 MSC Sputnik tool; the wires drive individual pins
Figure LSS+2917 MSC Sputnik tool, internal detail of wire guides
Figure LSS+2918 MSC Sputnik tool, wires protruding to control pins
Figure LSS+2919 MSC Sputnik tool, one wire protruded
Figure LSS+2920 MSC Sputnik tool, pins can be moved to any position
Figure LSS+2921 The John Falle pick set detail
Figure LSS+2922 The John Falle two-in-one wheel pick set and two locks that it will open. Courtesy of John Falle.
Figure LSS+2923 A set of "jiggers" to bypass lever locks. Courtesy of John Falle.
Figure LSS+2924 A variety of lever lock picking tools are produced by John Falle.
Figure LSS+2925, Diagram showing order of picking, and the misalignment of the five chambers. 
Figure LSS+2926 Plug partially picked.
Figure LSS+2927 John Falle comb pick set
Figure LSS+2928 Safe opening tools for lever locks
Figure LSS+2929 The theory of lock picking
Figure LSS+2930 The use of a comb pick
Figure LSS+2931 The MSC cross pick
Figure LSS+2932 The MSC Electropick allows controlled manipulation of pin tumblers.
Figure LSS+2933 MSC acoustic picking tool.
Figure LSS+2934 Kromer Convar lever lock
Figure LSS+2935 Kromer Novum lever lock
Figure LSS+2936 Stuv lever lock
Figure LSS+2937 Rosengrens ABN1 lever lock
Figure LSS+2938 Rosengrens RKL10 lever lock
Figure LSS+2939 Markings on levers to aid picking
Figure LSS+2940 Axial lock pick and decoding tools by A-1 and Peterson Manufacturing.
Figure LSS+2941 The Peterson pick tools for the Schlage Everest cylinder
Figure LSS+2942 A rake pick for a dimple lock

The theory behind the use of the 999 key, Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The proper technique for the use of the 999 or bump key, Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Residue may be present when a dimple lock has been bypassed. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Order of picking. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The use of pick guns and forensic analysis of locks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Use of a pick gun requires skill. It also leaves forensic indications. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
LSS201: MSC Assortment of tension wrenches, courtesy of Mahmod Abu Shanab
LSS201: MSC "Sputnik" bypass tool, courtesy of MSC.
LSS202: The use of the "bump key" or "999" key, by Hans Mejlshede.
Use of a bump key, by Harry Sher
Procedure to open a lever lock with the "drill and pick" technique. Courtesy of Harry Sher.
Picking Medeco locks. A discussion by Harry Sher.
A discussion regarding the impact pick gun, by Harry Sher.
How does impact picking work? Courtesy of Harry Sher.
Feel-picking individual pins, courtesy of Harry Sher.
Use of a plug spinner, courtesy of Harry Sher.
LSS203: Demonstration of the MSC cross pick on a lock with four rows of tumblers
LSS203: Demonstration of the MSC electropick on a profile cylinder
LSS203: MSC Acoustic picking tool demonstration
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on picking lever locks and utilizing markings on the levers.
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on picking the Kromer Convar lock
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on picking the Kromer Novum lever lock
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on picking the Stuv lever lock.
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on opening the Rosengrens ABN1 lever lock.
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on opening the Rosengrens RKL10 high security lever lock
LSS204: MSC Sputnik II with audio probe

Chapter 30 Impressioning
Figure 30-1 File marks during impressioning
Figure 30-2 HPC vice grips tool for impressioning
Figure 30-3 Original impressioning tool
Figure 30-4 Round holding tool
Figure 30-5 Impressioning with parallel striations
Figure 30-6 Preparing surface of key for impressioning
Figure 30-7 Quality of impressioning marks
Figure 30-8 Newton's plasticine key impressioning kit for lever locks
Figure 30-9 Bates impressioning system
Figure 30-10 Martin composite key for impressioning
Figure 30-11 Martin impressioning system
Figure 30-12 Composite lead and brass key
Figure 30-12a Foil impressioning system
Figure 30-12b Falle foil impressioning system
Figure 30-13a Falle foil impressioning system
Figure 30-13b Foil-covered die
Figure LSS+3001 The impressioning light box allows viewing of keys during covert operations
Figure LSS+3002 Use of a pippin file for impressioning
Figure LSS+3003 John Falle self-impressioning system for lever locks
Figure LSS+3004 Falle foil impressioning system for specific dimple locks
Figure LSS+3005 Foil impressioning system for dimple locks by John Falle
Figure LSS+3006 Special dies for the Foil dimple impressioning system

A clever device for impressioning lever locks has been developed in Bulgaria. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The usefulness of the impressioning technique. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
How does impressioning work? A discussion by Harry Sher.
A discussion about impressioning, by Harry Sher.
LSS301: Foil impressioning system, by John Falle
LSS304: DOM Dimple foil impressioning system, by John Falle

Chapter 31 The Decoding of Locks: Theory, Procedures, and Technologies
Figure 31-1 Falle magnetic key generation system for Medeco lock
Figure 31-2 Japanese segmented variable key system
Figure 31-3a Falle variable key system
Figure 31-3b Falle variable key system
Figure 31-4 HPC key micrometer
Figure 31-5 Lever lock special decoder
Figure 31-6a HPC Handheld decoder
Figure 31-6b HPC Decoder data card
Figure 31-7 HPC TKPD-1 decoder
Figure 31-8 Falle Universal belly reader
Figure 31-9 Falle basic lever decoder
Figure 31-10a Falle Pin and Cam system
Figure 31-10b Pin-kit for the Pin and Cam system
Figure 31-11a Keys made by modified Falle Pin and Cam decoder
Figure 31-11b Overlay cylinder on the CISA lever lock
Figure 31-12a Falle European lever lock pick and decoder set
Figure 31-12b Tools for measuring the bitting and reproducing the key for lever locks
Figure 31-13 Falle European lever lock decoder
Figure 31-14a Falle Lips lever lock decoder kit and pick
Figure 31-14b Falle skirt lock wheel pick kit
Figure 31-15 Falle decoder and pick set
Figure 31-16a LeFebure impressioning and decoding system
Figure 31-16b LeFebure impressioning and decoding system
Figure 31-17 Fichet monopole lock
Figure 31-18 Fichet "H" series lock
Figure 31-19 Falle pick and decoder for the fitchet 787 pump lock
Figure 31-20 Falle decoder kit for the Mottura Serrablocca pump lock
Figure 31-21 code finding key
Figure 31-22 Decoders for the Abloy Disklock
Figure 31-23 Falle decoder for the Abus Granit Disklock
Figure 31-24 Abloy Disklock Pro decoder and key generation system
Figure 31-25 R&D Briggs and Stratton sidebar decoder
Figure 31-26 Decoding wafers within a sidebar lock
Figure 31-27 Falle decoder system for laser-track locking mechanisms in automobiles
Figure 31-28a Pin Lock Decoder
Figure 31-28b Pin Lock Decoder
Figure 31-29 Medeco cam lock configuration tryout keys
Figure 31-30 Falle decoding system for Medeco sidebar locks
Figure 31-31 Falle BiLock system
Figure 31-32 HPC picking and decoding tool for axial locks
Figure 31-33a HPC "Peanut tool"
Figure 31-33b HPC axial decoding and picking tools
Figure 31-33c HPC axial decoder
Figure 31-33d Moveable tynes within axial decoders
Figure 31-33e Axial pick/decoder
Figure 31-33f Moveable tynes within axial pick/decoder
Figure 31-34 Chicago tubar lock
Figure 31-35 Core shim decoder system
Figure 31-36 Pressure sensitive conductive ink decoding system
Figure 31-37 Logic circuit for the pressure sensitive decoder system
Figure 31-38 Domains within the barium ferrite vinyl card
Figure 31-39 Otoscope
Figure 31-40 Ophthalmoscope
Figure 31-41 Diagram of borescope
Figure 31-42 Lens systems within the borescope
Figure 31-43 Lengths of borescopes
Figure 31-44 Olympus flexible borescope
Figure 31-45 Olympus flexible borescope
Figure 31-46 Internal view of a Ten-wafer lock
Figure 31-47 Olympus borescope view
Figure 31-48 Lead bearings within a combination lock
Figure 31-49 SAIC portable x-ray unit

Figure LSS+3101 John Falle pin and cam system principle
Figure LSS+3102 British lever locks that can be decoded by Pin and Cam system
Figure LSS+3103 European lever locks
Figure LSS+3104 CISA double locking cylinder system
Figure LSS+3105 MCM pin and cam key detail
Figure LSS+3106 Chubb/Lips lever lock
Figure LSS+3107 Ingersoll variable key system by John Falle
Figure LSS+3108 Fichet Monopole lock
Figure LSS+3109 Fichet H decoder system by John Falle
Figure LSS+3110 Fichet H version sidebar detail
Figure LSS+3111 Fichet H version sidebar detail
Figure LSS+3112 John Falle Fichet Pump 787 decoder system
Figure LSS+3113 Mottura key
Figure LSS+3114 Abloy DiskLock models
Figure LSS+3115 Chubb Ava padlock
Figure LSS+3116 John Falle for Chubb Ava, variable key generation system
Figure LSS+3117 John Falle Evva 3KS decoder system and lock
Figure LSS+3118 John Falle Dom Diamond decoder system
Figure LSS+3119 John Falle Dom diamond key bitting surface
Figure LSS+3120 John Falle Vehicle decoder system for laser track locks
Figure LSS+3121 John Falle Universal pin tumbler lock decoder
Figure LSS+3122 John Falle Needle assembly for pin tumbler lock decoder
Figure LSS+3123 Medeco ARX pins
Figure LSS+3124 Medeco key tips for John Falle decoder system
Figure LSS+3125 BiLock keys
Figure LSS+3126 BiLock plug detail
Figure LSS+3127 BiLock probes for John Falle decoder
Figure LSS+3128 BiLock decoder system by John Falle
Figure LSS+3129 John Falle Axira decoder system
Figure LSS+3130 John Falle Picard decoder system
Figure LSS+3131 Key turning system, available through John Falle
Figure LSS+3132 Chubb Battleship Pin and Cam system by John Falle
Figure LSS+3133 Ford Tibbe decoder, by John Falle
Figure LSS+3134 Chubb AVA key
Figure LSS+3135 Evva 3KS Pick and decode tool by John Falle
Figure LSS+3136 3KS Slider portion of pick tool
Figure LSS+3137 John Falle Pin Lock decoder utilizing pin and cam technology
Figure LSS+3138 The pick-probe tool for the advanced pin lock decoder tool
Figure LSS+3139 The Var-Key system is incorporated within the advanced pin lock decoder by John Falle
Figure LSS_3140 BMW key decoder by Silca.
Figure LSS+3141 Ford Galaxy wafers, showing indication of picking and decoding
Figure LSS+3142 HPC and other produce a complete line of axial picks and decoders
Figure LSS+3143 The Easy entrie profile milling machine can produce blanks from many sources
Figure LSS+3144 The Easy entrie and Keyway King profile milling machines
Figure LSS+3145 The Medeco M3 utilizes a slider to add another level of security
Figure LSS+3146 The Medeco M3 slider is visible from outside of the plug
Figure LSS+3147 Instakey mechanism, showing how the lock can be reprogrammed
Figure LSS+3148 A comparison of Schlage Everest profiles
Figure LSS_+3149 A comparison of Schlage Everest keyways and the bypass of the undercut
Figure LSS+3150 Mapping of a keyway from a digital image in the Easy entrie
Figure LSS+3151 The Assa V10 7000 series sidebar lock
Figure LSS+3152 Assa V10 use of balanced and unbalanced side millings
Figure LSS+3153 Assa V10 multiplex sidebar codes
Figure LSS+3154 Assa V10 sidebar code groups and keys
Figure LSS+3155 Assa V10 blocking method
Figure LSS+3156 Assa V10 individual sidebar coding
Figure LSS+3157 Assa V10 multiplex codes
Figure LSS+3158 Assa V10 multiplex codes and groups

Discussion of endoscope and borescope. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The John Falle lever decoder system. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Bypass of laser track or sidewinder locks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Master key records. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede. 
A discussion of reading the belly of a lever. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic implications of the bypass of lever locks. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Forensic implications of picking or decoding the Abloy lock. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
The A-1 GM 10 cut pick system, courtesy of Harry Sher.
Pick tools for the sidebar lock, courtesy of Harry Sher.
Reading a Chrysler lock with an EZ Reader tool, by Harry Sher
Decoding of keys, courtesy of Harry Sher.
The Peterson PRO-1 tool, courtesy of Harry Sher.
LSS301: Abus decoder, by John Falle
LSS301: European lever lock decoder, by John Falle
LSS301: Ford Galaxy decoding system, by John Falle
LSS302: Medeco lock decoding system, by John Falle
LSS302: Universal pin lock decoder, by John Falle
LSS302: European lever lock pick, by John Falle
LSS302: Axira lock decoding system, by John Falle
LSS302: BMW lock decoder system, by John Falle
LSS303: Pin and cam system for CISA and other European locks, by John Falle
LSS303: BiLock decoder system, by John Falle
LSS303: Abloy decoder system, by John Falle
LSS303: Universal pin and cam system, by John Falle
LSS304: Universal belly reader system, by John Falle
LSS304: Key turning system for lever locks, by John Falle
LSS304: DOM Diamond decoder and pick system, by John Falle.
LSS304: Chubb AVA pick and decoder system, by John Falle
LSS305: EVVA 3KS pick and decoder system, by John Falle
LSS305: Pin lock decoder system with pin and cam technology, by John Falle.
LSS203: Matt Blaze on shimming a cylinder to determine all pin segments
LSS203: Brian Chan on TMK extrapolation
LSS203: Harry Sher on the decoding of a top level master key
LSS203: Matt Blaze on the extrapolation of a top level master key
LSS203: Harry Sher on covert methods of entry
LSS204: Harry Sher on picking axial pin tumbler locks


Chapter 32 Destructive Entry: Tools and Techniques
Figure 32-1 Sigma (UK) forced entry tools
Figure 32-2 Hole saw used to remove the plug from a cylinder
Figure 32-3 Drilling the retaining screws
Figure 32-4 Drilling the shear line
Figure 32-5 Drilling through the plug
Figure 32-6 Slam-hammer
Figure 32-7 Pulling force on padlocks
Figure 32-8 Using a metal screw to pull a plug or cylinder
Figure 32-9 Dent puller kit
Figure 32-10 Different examples of dent pullers
Figure 32-11 European style dent puller with spacer
Figure 32-12 Dent pullers
Figure 32-13 Torsion and twisting
Figure 32-14 Pipe wrench or channel lock pliers
Figure 32-15 Profile cylinder removal tool
Figure 32-16a Sigma profile cylinder removal tool
Figure 32-16b Sigma profile cylinder removal tool
Figure 32-17 Chubb forcible entry tools
Figure 32-18 Iowa American forcible entry tools
Figure 32-19 Sigma Highway Hooligan pry bar tool
Figure 32-20 Sigma Hooligan
Figure 32-21 Jamb spreading
Figure 32-22 Hacksawing the bolt
Figure 32-23 Omni hydraulic jamb spreader
Figure 32-24a Iowa American Hydra-Force hydraulic jamb spreader
Figure 32-24b Iowa American Hydra-Force tools
Figure 32-25 Sigma hydraulic jamb spreader
Figure 32-26 Jaws of Life
Figure 32-27 Sigma hydraulic spreaders and rams
Figure 32-28 K-tool
Figure 32-29 Sigma ram and duckbill tools
Figure 32-30 Wedging a lock
Figure 32-31 Compression or shear force
Figure 32-32 Applying shock to bolt
Figure 32-33 Spring biased tool for shattering glass
Figure 32-34 Sigma air-bag system
Figure 32-35 Axe and sledgehammer
Figure 32-36 Sigma two-man battering ram
Figure 32-37 Sigma battering ram
Figure 32-38 Sigma hinge removal tool
Figure 32-39 Broco portable thermic lance
Figure 32-40 Broco thermic lance
Figure 32-41 Marks from a dent puller
Figure 32-42 Shove-knife

Figure LSS+3201 Sigma Baby ram
Figure LSS+3202 Explosive Wall Breaching System
Figure LSS+3203 Sigma Firecracker ram
Figure LSS+3204 Sigma Mitts
Figure LSS+3205 Sigma Ripper
Figure LSS+3206 Power actuated tool

Figure LSS+3207 External - Right hand inward opening timber door with standard Yale type lock; Internal - Left hand inward opening steel gate in confined area armed with single deadlock. Courtesy Ian Bauchop.

Figure LSS+3208 External - Left hand outward opening solid timber door with two locks; Internal - Left hand inward opening steel grille. Confined space with one deadlock and two sliding bolts

Figure LSS+3209 Internal concertina mild steel window grilles behind 6 mm float glass casement window

Figure LSS+3210 Right hand inward opening solid timber door with multipoint locking system

Figure LSS+3211 External - Right hand outward opening steel gate, slightly recessed with single lock and cover plate down lock side on two rising butt hinges; Internal - Right hand inward opening timber door

Figure LSS+3212 External - Steel cage protecting front door with right hand outward opening single lock with now cover plate. External steel grilles protection windows; Internal - Inward opening solid timber door

Figure LSS+3213 Right hand inward opening flush solid timber door with one visible lock

Figure LSS+3214 Internal view of LSS+3213 detailing timber braces and additional deadlock and night chain

Figure LSS+3215 Right hand inward opening solid timber door with four individual locks. Attack made with chain saw on hinge side

Figure LSS+3216 External - Right hand opening steel gate with single lock, full cover plate and rising butt hinges; Internal - Right hand outward opening solid timber door, locks unseen

Figure LSS+3217 External - Right hand outward opening steel gate, single lock, no cover plate and standard butt hinges; Internal - Right hand inward opening solid timber door, one lock visible

Figure LSS+3218 External - Right hand outward opening timber and glass door with single lock; Internal - Right hand opening timber and glass paneled door with two locks

Figure LSS+3219 Recessed Left hand inward opening solid timber door with multilocking system, set in steel frame plus additional top lock

Figure LSS+3220 External - Flush with building right hand outward opening steel paneled gate with steel mesh and full cover plate; Internal - Standard timber door with glass panel

Figure LSS+3221 Left hand outward opening recessed solid timber fire door with steel panel

Figure LSS+3222 External - Heavy duty right hand outward opening steel gate proud of building line with single lock and no cover plate; Internal - Right hand inward opening timber door, locks unseen

Figure LSS+3223 External - Recessed right hand outward opening steel gate with three standard butt hinges and no cover strip; Internal - Right hand inward opening timber paneled door with two locks visible

Figure LSS+3224 A sigma forced entry team shows the technique for breaching a door.
Figure LSS+3225 MSC Lock Force tool is similar to that produced by SIGMA
Figure LSS+3226 There are various dies for the MSC LOCK FORCE tool to fit different profiles
Figure LSS+3227 The use of the MSC LOCK FORCE tool is straightforward
Figure LSS+3228 The BROCO thermic lance is a small self contained package
Figure LSS+3229 The BROCO control nozzle and chemical self starter for the thermic lance
Figure LSS+3230 The KIBB security lock and strike system makes bypass difficult
Figure LSS+3231, an attack on a file cabinet safe with a variety of tools.
Figure LSS+3232 A hole saw can be used to ream out the entire plug.
Figure LSS+3233 A new shear line is created by drilling the plug.
Figure LSS+3234 The mounting for the cylinder is cast and can be fractured, allowing removal of the lock.
Figure LSS+3235 Knob locks should not be used as the sole protection on exterior doors.
Figure LSS+3236 Rim locks must be mounted properly to increase their resistance to attack.
Figure LSS+3237 Cylinders can be pried loose if not mounted properly.
Figure LSS+3238 The cylinder was pounded through the mounting. 
Figure LSS+3239 A pipe wrench can be utilized to twist loose a key-in-knob or cylinder lock.
Figure LSS+3240 The ease by which a cylinder can be removed by shearing the setscrew. 
Cylinders can be forcibly removed by applying torque and destroying internal setscrews. The setscrews can also be removed during business hours to allow the cylinder to be unscrewed at a later time. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
A wrench attack on cylinders can be very effective. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Figure LSS+3241 A diagram showing the principle of jamb spreading.
Figure LSS+3242, Examples of burglary tools found at the scene of a safe job. 
Cylinders can be forcibly removed by applying torque and destroying internal setscrews. The setscrews can also be removed during business hours to allow the cylinder to be unscrewed at a later time. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Figure LSS+3243, a special drill bit for removing plugs, called a rotary pick.
Figure LSS+3244 A lock can be drilled by raising all drivers above shear line.
Figure LSS+3245 A lock can be drilled to create a new shear line.
Figure LSS+3246 A lock can be drilled and then shimmed with a fine wire.
Figure LSS+3247 Peterson Manufacturing IC removal tool
Figure LSS+3248 The Stealth Lock Systems tool to open Medeco cam locks

Sigma analysis of the Kibb interlocking strike plate, with Ian Bauchop.
Demonstration of different forced entry techniques on doors utilizing the Kibb interlocking strike plate design. 
A wrench attack on cylinders can be very effective. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
Forensic evidence of forced entry. Courtesy of Hans Mejlshede.
Opening a padlock by bouncing the locking dog. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
A discussion of covert entry by Harry Sher
A discussion of GSA containers and covert entry, by Harry Sher
A discussion of surreptitious entry and government containers, by Harry Sher
The use of the nose puller, courtesy of Harry Sher.
LSS201: MSC Lock Force tool, courtesy of MSC
LSS201: Forced entry tools produced by Sigma. Courtesy of Ian Bauchop.
LSS202: Broco Thermic lance description and use, by Tom Joos.
LSS203: Demonstration of the use of a loid, by MSC


Chapter 33 The Origin, Development, and Design of Safes, Vaults, and Strong rooms
Figure 33-1a Vault door
Figure 33-1b Vault layers
Figure 33-1c Safe or vault door components
Figure 33-2 Israeli jewelry safe diagram
Figure 33-3 S&G relocker
Figure 33-4a Relocker system patent
Figure 33-4b Secondary relocker in Chubb safe
Figure 33-4c Thermal relocker
Figure 33-5 National Safe-Deposit Company in London
Figure 33-6a Strong room
Figure 33-6b Modern strong room
Figure 33-6c Modern strong room components
Figure 33-7 Barrier reinforcements
Figure 33-8 S&G three chronometer mechanical time lock
Figure LSS+3301 A seventeenth century German strongbox
Figure LSS+3302 German chest lock, seventeenth century and a French chest, sixteenth century 
Figure LSS+3303 German chest locks, seventeenth century, and fifteenth century.
Figure LSS+3304 Record safe with internal component layout.
Figure LSS+3305 The money safe and internal view.
Figure LSS+3306 Examples of composite safe, cladode safe, and combination safe. 
Figure LSS+3307, an example of a floor safe and SMNA labels for fire and burglary rating. 
Figure LSS+3308 Examples of fire protected file cabinets.
LSS101: Discussion of safe design by Bill Sherlock.

Chapter 34 Combination Locks
Figure 34-1 Chatwood five-wheel combination lock
Figure 34-2 Footprint for the S&G 6804
Figure 34-3 Dial markings for the opening index and change index
Figure 34-4 Cutaway view of an S&G 6730
Figure 34-5 Driver group components
Figure 34-6 Wheel pack in a S&G 6730 combination lock
Figure 34-7 Individual wheel from S&G 6730 combination lock
Figure 34-8 Aligned gates in a three-wheel S&G 6730
Figure 34-9a Different types of change wheels
Figure 34-9b Change wheel construction
Figure 34-10 Wheel within a wheel pack
Figure 34-11 Relocker trigger
Figure 34-12 Handing of a lock
Figure 34-13 Boltwork components
Figure 34-14 Cutaway view of lever lock
Figure 34-15 Lever fence and its components
Figure 34-16 Lever screw and shoulder
Figure 34-17 Lever fence
Figure 34-18 Relock trigger within an S&G lock case
Figure 34-19 Dial indication
Figure 34-20 The forbidden zone"
Figure 34-21 S&G 6400 series group 1 manipulation proof lock
Figure 34-22 Spyproof dials
Figure 34-23 Change key
Figure 34-24 Chubb time lock

Figure LSS+3401 S&G Model 6600 Series (1950Version)
Figure LSS+3402 S&G Model 6600 Series (1960Version)
Figure LSS+3403 S&G 6600 SERIES (1960 VERSION) DISASSEMBLED
Figure LSS+3405 Diagram of disassembled lock
Figure LSS+3406 Mosler 302 MR Hand Change Lock
Figure LSS+3407 Mas-Hamilton Group X-07 Electromechanical Lock
Figure LSS+3408 Diebold Model 180 Series
Figure LSS+3409 Puzzle locks, 18th and 19th century
Figure LSS+3410 Tobacco box and lock
Figure LSS+3411 Yale and S&G three wheel locks, circa. 1948
Figure LSS+3412 Hand-change combination lock procedure
Figure LSS+3413 Hole-change combination lock procedure
Figure LSS+3414 Screw-change combination lock procedure
Figure LSS+3415 Metal and plastic wheel pack in combination locks
Figure LSS+3416 S&G 6700 MP combination lock
Figure LSS+3417 S&G 6730 MP combination lock
Figure LSS+3418 S&G 6700 MP combination lock
Figure LSS+3419 S&G 8400 combination lock
Figure LSS+3420 S&G 8470 combination lock diagram
Figure LSS+3421 S&G 8550 combination lock
Figure LSS+3422 LaGard 1980 combination lock
Figure LSS+3423 Pillard time lock
Figure LSS+3424 UL tolerance for Group 1 and Group 2 combination locks
Chatwood Invincible Key Lock
Dalton Permutation
Damon's Patent Lock
Day and Newell Parautoptic Safe Key
Dodds MacNeale & Urban's "Excelsior" 
W.B. Dodds
Hall's Double Dial Premier (mid-size) with Consolidated Time Lock
Hall's Premier (mid-size)
Hall's Crescent
Hall's Crescent
Hall's Safe Lock
Hall's Single Dial Premier (mid-size) with Consolidated Time Lock
Herring, Farrel, and Sherman Double Dial
Herring Grasshopper Key Lock
H.C. Jones Patent Combination Lock
"Hobnail" (Early American) Safe Key
Lillie (attributed) Click Lock with Key
Lillie (attributed) Dial Lock w/Knob
Lillie (Lewis) "Click Lock" Safe Key
Miller Combination Lock Patent Model
Rosengrens Safe Lock
Safe-Deposit Lock-1
Sargent's Magnetic Lock #2 (early)
Sargent & Greenleaf #3 Fire Proof Lock
Sargent & Greenleaf #1 Vault Door Lock
T. J. Sullivan
Yale Double Dial Bank Lock Earliest pat. Date-July 14, 1857
Yale Double Dial Split-Bolt Vault Lock
Yale Pin Dial Time Lock (56 hour, 2 movement)
Yale 101-1/2 Double Dial
Yale Quadruplex Safe Key
LSS101: Discussion of the X-07 and X-08 with Joe Cortie
Opening the 6730 MP and 8400 Mp, by Harry Sher

Chapter 35 Destructive Entry of Safes: Tools and Techniques
Figure 35-1 Punching
Figure 35-2 Peeling
Figure 35-3 Torching a safe
Figure 35-4 Thermic lance
Figure 35-5 Plasma torch
Figure 35-6 Carbide tipped and diamond drills
Figure 35-7 Lever rig
Figure 35-8 Lever drill rig
Figure 35-9 457 Magnum magnetic drilling
Figure 35-10a Magnum drilling rig
Figure 35-10b Positioning Magnum drill
Figure 35-11 Critical drill points within a combination lock
Figure 35-12 Drill template
Figure 35-13 Dial segment template
Figure 35-14a Drilling a safe
Figure 35-14b Drilling a safe
Figure 35-15 Fixed drill template
Figure 35-16 Barrier material
Figure 35-17 Barrier material
Figure 35-18 Punches
Figure 35-19 Drilling a new set of gates
Figure 35-20 Removing a dial with a slam hammer
Figure 35-21 Drilling hole to scope the fence
Figure 35-22 Removing the fence
Figure 35-23 Drilling the pivot screw that attaches the lever and bolt
Figure 35-24 Drill pins
Figure LSS+3501 Chemical composition of tear gars
Figure LSS+3502 Tear gas canister
Figure LSS+3503 Table of Explosives
Figure LSS+3504 Emergency dials
Figure LSS+3505 Fire and record safes
Figure LSS+3506 Money safes
Figure LSS+3507 Cash safes
Figure LSS+3505 Fire and record safes
Figure LSS+3506 Money safes
Figure LSS+3507 Cash safes

Figure LSS+3508. Punching involves the wheel pack being forced inward 
Figure LSS+3509, diagram showing how a safe is peeled by gaining an access point to remove layers of metal.
Figure LSS+3510. In this figure, peeling was accomplished from the corner using a cold chisel.
Figure LSS+3511 This was a peel and punch attack to access the bolts (left). A classic peel attack is shown (right)
Figure LSS+3512, examples of peeling of the outer skin on the top of the container and the rivets popped. 
Figure LSS+3513 Prying and wedging. 
Figure LSS+3514 A safe that has had the door pulled loose by the application of extreme pressure.
Figure LSS+3515, (ISP 38-3563 left, and 39-3563 right). The result of pounding of components.
Figure LSS+3516, Bolts were sheared from shock waves through the use of the welded bar to the front of the door. 
Figure LSS+3517. Example of punching. Pressure was applied to the hinge side. 
Figure LSS+3518. This was a pound attack. The door was pounded with many hits. 
Figure LSS+3519, An attack by the use of a wedge to pry apart and separate portions of the container. 
Figure LSS+3520, The top of the safe was cut into to provide access to the bolt works. 
Figure LSS+3521 Attacks by torch. In the middle picture, an inept attempt to open the safe by cutting through the side. 
Figure LSS+3522. Attack using a torch where there was obviously no knowledge of where to cut.
Figure LSS+3523 Additional examples of the use of a torch. In the photographs, the lock box is burned out. 
Figure LSS+3524 Lines scored by an oxyacetylene torch in the outer shell of a Chubb safe. 
Figure LSS+3525, examples of torch attack. Incorrect tools were utilized on the side of the safe. 
Figure LSS+3526, attack by torch that did not result in an opening. 
Figure LSS+3527, A torch attack where burglars cut a portion from the door for access.
Figure LSS+3528, Examples of attack by oxyacetylene. 
Figure LSS+3529. The thermic lance develops high temperature and can be utilized virtually anywhere. 
Figure LSS+3530 An example of a safe attacked with a thermic lance. 
Figure LSS+3531 An example of arc welding with cutting rods. 
Figure LSS+3532, A free-standing Chubb safe was attacked with explosives. 
Figure LSS+3533 A safe was open with explosives, after being filled with water.
Figure LSS+3534 A fixed drill rig. 
Figure LSS+3535 A burglary where it is suspected that a drill rig caused the fracture of the outer skin of the door. 
Figure LSS+3536 Core drill can produce a large hole for access to the bolt works or lock box. 
Figure LSS+3537 Critical drill points are shown. This is a rear view, with the lock case removed.
Figure LSS+3538 (ISP 23-2963) Deflector plates made of angle iron are added to deter drilling.
Figure LSS+3539 (ISP 104-3563) The bolt is punched out of the way in order for the handle cam to be rotated.
Figure LSS+3540 Burglars drilled into the side of the safe to punch and drive the bolt out of the way. 
Figure LSS+3541 A scope is inserted to obtain a view of the wheel pack.
Figure LSS+3542 The fence is a prime target for drilling, either the soldered link or the actual fence material. 
Figure LSS+3543 Progression of movement of the fence into the gate of the wheel pack.
Figure LSS+3544 A 90 degree angle view with a borescope using a mirror on a Mosler MR 302.
Figure LSS+3545 Locating the fence for drilling. 
Figure LSS+3546 A lever fence that has been drilled, and then removed. 
Figure LSS+3547 Drilled relockers and zoom view.
Figure LSS+3548 Mosler MR-302 point of penetration.
Figure LSS+3549 Hole drilled through cover plate.
Figure LSS+3550 Side drilling and scoping the lock case.
Figure LSS+3551 Floor safe that has been angle drilled to view wheel pack. 
Figure LSS+3552 Safe drilled from the top of safe to lock box to view the wheel pack. 
Figure LSS+3553 Many burglaries are simulated. 
Figure LSS+3554 The burglar uses a drill without much knowledge of the safe. 
3563-15 Individual must have knowledge
3563-16 Tool knowledge of the burglar
3563-17 Time limit for burglary
3563-1819 Proficiency in burglarizing types of safes
LSS201: A primer on the burglary of safes, Courtesy of Bill Sherlock.
LSS201: Forensics and locks, Courtesy of Bill Sherlock.
LSS202: Steve Mattoon on the use of explosives to gain entry.
Use of the change-key hole for reading wheels, by Harry Sher
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on opening safes
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson introduction to opening safes
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on the forced entry opening of safes
LSS204: Owe Bengtsson on the opening of high security safes


Chapter 36 Non-Destructive Methods of Entry
Figure 36-1 ITL robot dialer
Figure 36-2 Flow chart of an automatic dialer
Figure 36-3 Contact points for manipulation
Figure 36-4 Drop in area
Figure 36-5 Quantifying contact point measurements
Figure 36-6 Geometry of the contact area
Figure 36-7 Production tolerance
Figure 36-8 Charting contact points
Figure 36-9 True center grid
Figure 36-10 Magnetic magnifying glass
Figure LSS+3601 Mas-Hamilton Soft Drill system
Figure LSS+3602 Soft Drill display screens during manipulation
Figure LSS+3603 Parallax error can cause problems during manipulation
2963-42 The use of robot dialers
Use of ultra violet to determine which keys have been depressed on a keypad. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
LSS201: Mark Bates on Manipulation
LSS201: Mark Bates on the Soft Drill
A discussion of Mas-Hamilton and the Soft Drill, by Harry Sher
Background on Mas-Hamilton and the development of the Soft Drill, by Harry Sher

Chapter 37 Standards and Testing
Figure LSS+3701 UL Label
Figure LSS+3702 UL Label designations and nomenclature
Figure LSS+3703 SMNA Label designations
FF-L-2740 Federal Specification for Combination Locks

Chapter 38 Security: Analysis and Reduction of Risk

LSS202: Ross Anderson on security engineering

Chapter 39 Security: Physical Protective Measures
Figure 39-1 Window joints
Figure 39-2 Glazing with unprotected sealant
Figure 39-3 Glazing with glass mountings
Figure 39-4 Insulating glass
Figure 39-5 Glass bricks
Figure 39-6 Steel bars within glass bricks
Figure 39-7 Smash-resistant films
Figure 39-8a Lockable shoe
Figure 39-8b Windows
Figure 39-9 Laminated glass
Figure 39-10 Grills and gates
Figure 39-11 The four primary kinds of doors
Figure 39-12 Identification of door components
Figure 39-13 Standard door engagements
Figure 39-14 Door leaf construction
Figure 39-15 Door leaf construction
Figure 39-16 Metal-framed door
Figure 39-17 Steel door leaves
Figure 39-18 Supplementary locking devices
Figure 39-19 The two primary hinges
Figure 39-20a Drill-in hinges
Figure 39-20b Hinges
Figure 39-21 Hinge bolts
Figure 39-22 Securing a profile cylinder
Figure 39-23 Supporting plate
Figure 39-24 Bolt systems for mortised locks
Figure 39-25 Bolt locking systems
Figure 39-26 Rollstud lock and multipoint locking system
Figure 39-27a Cylinder-type box lock and mortise bolt lock
Figure 39-27b Bolt systems
Figure 39-28 Forces applied to the lock bolt
Figure 39-29 Security escutcheon or brace
Figure 39-30a Secure strike plates
Figure 39-30b Steel-profile frames
Figure 39-31 Strike plate fatigue strength tests
Figure 39-32 Pneumatic cash transport systems
Figure 39-33a Isolation lock
Figure 39-33b Isolation lock
Figure 39-34a Three designs of night safes
Figure 39-34b Detail of a night depository
Figure 39-35a Safety counters
Figure 39-35b Safety counters
Figure 39-36 Diagram of a safety counter and floor plan
Figure 39-37 Secondary pane
Figure 39-38 Time lock
Figure 39-39 One-way dome for surveillance camera
Figure 39-40 Optimum focus
Figure 39-41 Trap door
Figure LSS+3901 Kwikset key-in-knob bypass tool
Figure LSS+3902 STB fingerprint recognition system within a safe lock

Hinges and forensic evidence. Courtesy Don Shiles.
Case example: removal of sliding glass door. Courtesy of Don Shiles.
LSS202: Ross Anderson on biometrics


Chapter 40 Alarm Systems
Figure 40-1a Alarm system flow chart
Figure 40-1b Alarm system flow chart
Figure 40-2 Analog alarm circuitry
Figure 40-3 Magnetic contacts
Figure 40-4 Magnetic contacts
Figure 40-5 Banknote contacts
Figure 40-6 Pressure mats
Figure 40-7 Trip wire contacts
Figure 40-8 Bolt contacts
Figure 40-9 Striking plate magnetic trip contact
Figure 40-10 Placing foil on glass
Figure 40-11 Electrically conductive metal foils
Figure 40-12 Alarm glass
Figure 40-13 Security alarm glass
Figure 40-14 Passive glass-breakage detector
Figure 40-15 Active glass breaking detector
Figure 40-16 Piezoelectric sensor within a seismic detector
Figure 40-17 Seismic detector readings
Figure 40-18 Photoelectric monitoring system
Figure 40-19 Electromagnetic spectrum
Figure 40-20 Passive infrared sensor
Figure 40-21 Infrared Sensors
Figure 40-22 Electronic monitoring and protection of doors

Figure LSS+4001 Typical balanced magnetic switch installation
Figure LSS+4002 Typical glass-break sensor installation
Figure LSS+4003 Typical long range detection pattern for monocratic microwave sensors
Figure LSS+4004 Typical short range monocratic microwave detection pattern
Figure LSS+4005 Typical bistate microwave detection pattern
Figure LSS+4006 Microwave sensor zones
Figure LSS+4007 Bistate microwave layout configurations
Figure LSS+4008 Bistate microwave sensor
Figure LSS+4009 Wall vibration sensor
Figure LSS+4010 Fiber optic structural vibration sensor
Figure LSS+4011 Passive ultrasonic motion sensor
Figure LSS+4012 Active ultrasonic motion sensor
Figure LSS+4013 Passive infrared sensor
Figure LSS+4014 Typical PIR coverage pattern (ceiling mounted) and disc floor beam pattern
Figure LSS+4015 Typical PIR curtain detection pattern (wall mounted)
Figure LSS+4016 Passive infrared
Figure LSS+4017 PIR coverage/placement patterns
Figure LSS+4018 Active infrared motion sensor (Interior)
Figure LSS+4019 Active infrared motion sensor (Exterior)
Figure LSS+4020 Vibration fence sensor
Figure LSS+4021 E Field detection configuration/patterns
Figure LSS+4022 Capacitance sensor applications
Figure LSS+4023 Strain-sensitive cable (coaxial)
Figure LSS+4024 Strain-sensitive cable (magnetic)
Figure LSS+4025 Strain-sensitive cable (applications)
Figure LSS+4026 Fiber optic cable
Figure LSS+4027 Taut wire fence sensor
Figure LSS+4028 Microwave and taut wire sensor combination
Figure LSS+4029 Ported coaxial cable and fence sensor combinations
Figure LSS+4030 In-ground fiber optic sensor
Figure LSS+4031 Buried ported cable sensor
Figure LSS+4032 Balanced buried pressure line sensor
Figure LSS+4033 Buried geophone sensors
Figure LSS+4034 Acoustic/air turbulence sensor
Figure LSS+4035 Logistics/munitions storage complex
Figure LSS+4036 Typical perimeter security intrusion detection process. 
Figure LSS+4037 Original dial-up alarm reporting device
Figure LSS+4038 Exterior intrusion sensors
Figure LSS+4039 Exterior sensor applications model
Figure LSS+4040 Interior sensor application model
Figure LSS+4041 Interior intrusion sensors
Figure LSS+4042 Early alarm transmitter and receiver for central office 
Figure LSS+4043 Magnetic switches in different configurations
Figure LSS+4044 Wires can be embedded in window screens and act like window foil
Figure LSS+4045 Contact switch arrangements
Figure LSS+4046 Seismic detector
Figure LSS+4047 Different types of sensors employed to protect fences
Figure LSS+4048 E Field system produced by Siemens
Figure LSS+4049 A pizza cutter is utilized to protect tops of mounting poles from climbing
Figure LSS+4050 Bi-static microwave sensor array
Figure LSS+4051 A thermal imaging sensor detects body heat and movement
Figure LSS+4052 Lenses for infrared sensors focus energy onto the detector
Figure LSS+4053 A blocked infrared detector is not reliable
Figure LSS+4054 Video cameras may be blinded or may not see camouflage of an intruder
Figure LSS+4055 Ported coax markers should be removed
Figure LSS+4056 Vibration sensors on fences should be set to respond to hooks that contact the fabric
Figure LSS+4057 Defeat of E-Field systems
Figure LSS+4058 High security facilities utilize layers of protection against intrusion
Figure LSS+4059 Coverage of a monostatic microwave system
Figure LSS+4060 Diagram showing RF coverage of a ported coax system
Figure LSS+4061 Defeat of a taut wire system
Figure LSS+4062 Bridging of perimeter sensors 
Figure LSS+4063 Jumping is a technique to bypass perimeter sensors
Figure LSS+4064 Climbing over a poorly designed fence
Figure LSS+4065 Climbing over a perimeter sensor
Figure LSS+4066 Beam width of a bistatic microwave system
Figure LSS+4067 Sentrol balanced magnetic switch model 2707
Figure LSS+4068 x-ray view of the Sentrol 2707B balanced magnetic switch
Figure LSS+4069 A method to defeat the balanced magnetic switch
Figure LSS+4070 Intrusion detection system subsystems
Figure LSS+4071 Multiplexing of alarm transmission links
Figure LSS+4072 Line supervision reverse polarity
Figure LSS+4073 Medium security line supervision
Figure LSS+4074 Direct wire line supervision
Figure LSS+4075 Data encryption line supervision
Figure LSS+4076 Basic wireless transmission link

LSS401: E Field protection
LSS401: Buried Cable sensors
LSS401: Fence alarm system
LSS401: Microwave sensor systems
LSS401: Outside passive infrared sensors
LSS401: Photoelectric sensors
LSS401: Thermal imaging and sensing
LSS401: Video logging and capture systems
LSS401: Alarm contact devices, including magnetic switches
LSS401: Discussion regarding pressure mats
LSS401: Embedded screen wires
LSS401: Alarm foil 
LSS401: Grid wires in alarm systems
LSS401: Ribbon switch material as a sensor
LSS402: Shock sensors for glass break detection
LSS402: Other types of shock detection sensors
LSS402: Trip wires in alarm systems
LSS402: Alarm monitoring systems
LSS402 Defeat techniques for different sensor technologies
LSS402: Glass break sensors and how they work
LSS402: Issues with microwave sensors
LSS402: Alarm sounders and notification devices
LSS402: Ultrasonic alarm sensors
LSS402: Proximity sensor technology
LSS402: Alarm defeat methods for dual technology devices
LSS402: Passive infrared sensor technology
LSS403: Fiber optic fence sensors
LSS403: Shock sensors utilized to protect fences
LSS403: Magnetic point sensors
LSS403: Dual technology devices utilized in outside environments
LSS403: Ross Anderson on alarm system monitoring
LSS403: Magnasphere technology
LSS403: DOE on perimeter sensors and their defeat
LSS403: DOE on alarm assessment
LSS403: DOE on sensor technology
LSS403: DOE on layers exterior protection
LSS403: DOE on a typical plan of attack on a facility
LSS403: Defeat of magnetic switches, including BMS